How To Use Parking Meter

Device for collecting money in guild to utilize a given parking space

A digital CivicSmart make parking meter which accepts coins or credit cards

A parking meter is a device used to collect coin in substitution for the right to park a vehicle in a particular place for a express amount of time. Parking meters can be used by municipalities every bit a tool for enforcing their integrated on-street parking policy, normally related to their traffic and mobility management policies, but are also used for revenue.

History [edit]

An early patent for a parking meter, U.S. patent,^[i] was filed by Roger Westward. Babson, on August thirty, 1928. The meter was intended to operate on power from the battery of the parking vehicle and required a connection from the vehicle to the meter.

Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale designed the beginning working parking meter, the Black Maria, in 1935. The History Channel's... History's Lost and Found documents their success in developing the outset working parking meter. Thuesen and Hale were engineering professors at Oklahoma State Academy and began working on the parking meter in 1933 at the request of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma lawyer and paper publisher Carl C. Magee.^[2] The world's first installed parking meter was in Oklahoma Urban center on July 16, 1935.^{[three] [4] [v]} Magee received a patent for the apparatus on 24 May 1938.^[6]

Industrial production started in 1936 and expanded until the mid-1980s. The commencement models were based on a money acceptor, a dial to engage the mechanism and a visible arrow and flag to bespeak expiration of paid flow. This configuration lasted for more than twoscore years, with merely a few changes in the exterior design, such every bit a double-headed design (to cover 2 adjacent parking spaces), and the incorporation of new materials and product techniques.^[7]

One thousand.H. Rhodes Inc. of Hartford, Connecticut started making meters for Mark-Fourth dimension Parking Meter Visitor of Miami, where the first Rhodes meters were installed in 1936. These were different from the Magee blueprint because only the driver's action of turning a handle was necessary to keep the leap wound, while Magee's meters needed a serviceman to wind the spring occasionally.^[eight]

A fully mechanical Duncan make parking meter which accepts U.Due south. pennies, nickels, and dimes

Upon insertion of coins into a currency detector slot or swiping a credit card or smartcard into a slot, and turning a handle (or pressing a key), a timer is initiated within the meter. Some locations now allow payment past mobile telephone (to remotely record payments for subsequent checking and enforcement).^[ix] A dial or display on the meter indicates the time remaining. In many cities, all parking meters are designed to use only one type of money. Use of other coins will fail to register, and the meter may finish to function altogether. For example, in Hackensack, New Bailiwick of jersey all parking meters are designed for quarters but.^[10]

In 1960, New York City hired its first crew of "meter maids"; all were women. Information technology was not until 1967 that the commencement man was hired.^[eleven]

In the mid-1980s, a digital version was introduced, replacing the mechanical parts with electronic components: boards, keyboards and displays. This allowed more flexibility to the meter, equally an EEPROM chip can be reconfigured more than hands than corresponding mechanical components.

By the outset of the 1990s, millions of parking meter units had been sold effectually the world, but the marketplace was already looking into new solutions, like the collective pay and display machines and new forms of payment that appeared along with electronic coin and advice technologies.

A modernistic pay and display parking meter in Melbourne, Australia.

Fully electric [edit]

More modern parking meters are generically chosen multispace meters (as opposed to single space meters) and control multiple spaces per block (typically 8-12) or lot (unlimited). While with these meters the parker may have to walk several auto lengths to the meter, at that place are significant benefits in terms of client service, performance and efficiency.^[14] Multispace meters comprise more customer-friendly features such as on-screen instructions and acceptance of credit cards for payment—no longer practise drivers have to take pockets total of coins. While they still may be prone to money jams and other types of vandalism, almost of these meters are wireless and tin study problems immediately to maintenance staff, who tin can so gear up the meters and then that they are not out of service for very long.

With pay past space meters, the commuter parks in a space, goes to the meter and enters the space number and makes payment. The meter memorizes the time remaining, and enforcement personnel press the bay buttons to cheque for violations.

Other advances with parking meters include vehicle detection applied science, which allows the pay by space meters to know when there is a machine parked in a space. This opens the door for benefits for parking managers, including providing mode-finding (directing drivers to unoccupied spaces via the spider web or via street signs), enabling remote violation detection, and gathering vital statistics almost parking supply and demand. Some meters allow payment for additional time past telephone, and notify drivers when they are almost to expire.^[fifteen] Parking meters in Santa Monica apply vehicle detectors to prevent drivers from "feeding the meter" indefinitely, and to delete remaining fourth dimension when a machine departs so the next machine cannot take any time without paying.^[16] Meters in Madrid give discounted and free parking to drivers of hybrid and electric vehicles, respectively.^[16] Drivers tin can reserve meters spots in Los Angeles by cellphone.^[17]

Another advancement with parking meters are the new solar-powered meters that accept credit cards and even so coins as well. Credit card enabled solar powered "smart" single-space meters^[xviii] were installed in Los Angeles in 2010, and Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa stated "the metropolis's Department of Transportation had projected the 10,000 Coin & Card parking meters installed over the last half-dozen months would generate i-1.5 million in revenue each yr".^[19] These parking meters supervene upon the top of the meter, but use the existing pole, and apply solar ability, which tin can help with sending technicians a wireless signal when in demand for repair. DDOT (the Commune of Columbia Department of Transportation) states that this new parking meter will provide: "better return on taxation payer'south investment, a multifariousness of options, reduced maintenance, a multifariousness of easy payment options, and increased reliability".^[xx]

New digital meters now business relationship for all of New York Metropolis's 62,000 single-space parking meters, which are more accurate and more than difficult to interruption into. New York Metropolis retired its terminal spring-loaded, single-space, mechanical parking meter – which was located at West tenth Street and Surf Avenue in Coney Island – on Dec twenty, 2006. "The world changes. Just as the [subway] token went, now the manual meter has gone," said Iris Weinshall, the urban center's transportation commissioner, at a modest ceremony mark the occasion, the New York Times reported.^[21]

Security issues [edit]

A worker emptying cash from a parking meter in 1960.

Machines accept non only coins, merely bills, credit, debit and prepaid cards.

Parking meters are exposed to the elements and to vandals and then protection of the device and its greenbacks contents is a priority. The meters are ofttimes targeted in areas where parking regulations and enforcement are widely perceived to be unfair and predatory.^{[22] [23]}

Some cities accept learned the difficult way that these machines must be upgraded regularly, essentially playing an arms race with vandals. In Berkeley, California, the cut-off remains of meter poles were a common sight during the late 1990s, and parking was largely costless throughout the city until the city government installed digital parking meters with heavier poles in 2000 (which were eventually vandalized likewise).^[24]

Legality in the United states of america [edit]

In a 1937 case in Oklahoma,^[25] H.E. Duncan contended that the ordinances impose a fee for the free employ of the streets, which is a right of all citizens of the state granted by state law. The Courts ruled that free utilise of the streets is not an accented correct, but agreed with an unpublished^{[ citation needed ]} 1936 Florida court decision that said, "If it had been shown that the streets on which parking meters take been installed nether this ordinance are not streets where the traffic is sufficiently heavy to require any parking regulations of this sort, or that the city was making inordinate and unjustified profits by ways of the parking meters, and was resorting to their utilize not for regulatory purposes but for revenue but, there might have been a different judgment."^[26]

1 of the first parking meter tickets resulted in the first court challenge to metered parking enforcement. Rev. C.H. North of Oklahoma's City'due south 3rd Pentecostal Holiness Church had his commendation dismissed when he claimed he had gone to a grocery shop to get alter for the meter.^[27]

The Due north Carolina Supreme Court judged that a metropolis could not pledge on-street parking meter fee gain as security for bonds issued to build off-street parking decks. The court said, "Streets of a municipality are provided for public utilise. A urban center board has no valid dominance to rent, charter or allow a parking infinite on the streets to an private motorist 'for a fee' or to charge a charge per unit or toll therefor. Much less may information technology lease or let the whole organisation of on-street parking meters for operation past a individual corporation or individual."^[28]

A 2009 lawsuit filed past the Contained Voters of Illinois-Contained Precinct Arrangement (IVI-IPO) claimed the Urban center of Chicago'south 2008 concession agreement for the operation of its parking meters to a private company violated state law.^[29] In November 2010, portions of the suit were thrown out by the Cook County Circuit Court, including the claim that the city was using public funds unlawfully to enforce parking regulations after information technology was decided by the presiding estimate that the city retained its ability to write tickets and enforce parking laws.^[30] However, the judge immune other parts of the accommodate to stand, including an accusation that the metropolis unlawfully conceded some of its policing power and its ability to set parking and traffic policy to the individual company in the concession agreement.^[30] As of January 2011,^{[ needs update ]} the adjust remained active, with the City of Chicago maintaining that the metropolis retains all policing power, maintains responsibility for traffic management, and, through the concession agreement, retains command over rates.^{[31] [32]}

Use in Britain [edit]

Parking metres were first used in Britain in 1958.^[33] They are at present used in most towns and cities.

Variable pricing [edit]

Dr. Donald Shoup argues that parking meters should have variable prices to maintain an 85 percent occupancy rate.^[34] This would facilitate an optimum turnover of vehicles resulting in an optimum turnover of customers for roadside shops. It would also reduce the amount of time wasted looking for a place to park. The SFpark organization in San Francisco follows this recommendation.

Alternatives [edit]

In the US states of Texas, Maryland, California, Massachusetts, Utah, Virginia, and the whole of the European Union (except many private car parks in the UK and possibly elsewhere), holders of a Disabled parking permit are exempt from parking meter fees. In some other states handicapped parking meters exist, which not only must be paid at the aforementioned charge per unit as regular meters, but 1 will also be subject to receiving a violation ticket if a valid handicap license plate or placard is not displayed on the vehicle.

Some cities accept gone to a device called a Parkulator, in which the users purchase a display device, usually for $5 or $ten, then load information technology with as much time as they intendance to buy.^[35] They so activate the device when they park at a location, and place the display device on their dashboard so it is visible from the front windshield. The device counts down the time remaining on the device while it remains activated. When they return, then the clock stops running, and the person does non overpay for time unused. In the UK, it is now possible to park and pay with credit or debit menu through a dedicated phone service.^[36] Ceremonious Enforcement Officers that patrol the parking area are automatically informed through their handheld devices.

In-vehicle parking meters [edit]

An example of an in-vehicle parking meter, the EasyPark device by Parx

An In-Vehicle Parking Meter (IVPM) (also known as in-vehicle personal meter, in-auto parking meter, or personal parking meter) is a handheld electronic device, the size of a pocket calculator, that drivers display in their car windows either as a parking permit or as proof of parking payment.^[37] Implementation of IVPM began in the late 1980s in Arlington, VA,^[38] and is spreading to campuses and municipalities worldwide as a centralized method of parking management, acquirement collection, and compliance enforcement. In that location take since been like adaptations including the Comet and SmartPark past Ganis Systems,^[39] EasyPark by Parx (a subsidiary of On Rails Innovations),^[40] ParkMagic by ParkMagic Republic of ireland,^[41] iPark by Epark, and AutoParq by Duncan Industries. Another applied science offers the possibility of reloading money (parking time) to the device via a secure Internet site.

See also [edit]

• Coupon parking
• Ticket machine
• Decriminalised parking enforcement
• Disc parking
• In-Vehicle Parking Meter
• Parking bellboy
• Parking guidance and information
• Parking violation
• Parking Wars
• Pay and display
• Pay by phone parking
• Valet parking
• Automobile costs

People

• Meade McClanahan, sued urban center of Los Angeles to block installation of parking meters

References [edit]

1. ^ http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat1731839.pdf ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
2. ^ Chan, Sewell. "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter." The New York Times. 20 December 2006
3. ^ "Inglewood Website - News Details". Cityofinglewood.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 19 Baronial 2013.
4. ^ "Park-O-Meter". Pom.com. 16 July 1935. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
5. ^ "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Acquirement to City" Popular Mechanics, Oct 1935 mid-right side of page article
6. ^ Tick, Tick, Tick, Smithsonian Mag, May 2008, p. 18
7. ^ "How A Parking Meter Works." Popular Science, December 1959, pp. 138-139
8. ^ Leonard, Teresa (26 August 2015). "Parking meters found their mode onto NC streets in 1930s, '40s". News & Observer . Retrieved 27 August 2015.
9. ^ Wisdom, Martin. "Pay For DC Parking Meters By Cell Phone". My FOX DC. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
10. ^ "Traffic Division". Urban center of Hackensack. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
11. ^ Dougherty, Conor (iii February 2007). "The Parking Fix". The Wall Street Periodical.
12. ^ "Pay Parking | City of White Stone". Whiterockcity.ca. 5 Oct 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-05-27. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
13. ^ Media:ParkingmeterDowntownHoustonTexas.JPG
14. ^ Kupferman, Dan. "Why Multi-Space parking meters?". Parking Network. Archived from the original on fourteen February 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
15. ^ Schlueb, Mark. "Orlando installs kickoff 'smart' parking meters".
16. ^ ^{a b} Board, U-T San Diego Editorial. "Smart parking meters: Besides smart?".
17. ^ "'Smart' parking meters catching on across U.S. - USATODAY.com". usatoday30.usatoday.com.
18. ^ Mathis, Sommer. "D.C. Testing Solar-Powered, Credit Menu Parking Meters". DCist. Archived from the original on xiii June 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
19. ^ Lovelace, Dennis. "New Credit Carte-Employ Parking Meters Raking In The Dough". My FOX LA. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
20. ^ "DDOT Starts Installation of New Solar-Powered Unmarried Space Meters". Commune Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
21. ^ Chan, Sewell (twenty December 2006). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times . Retrieved x January 2015.
22. ^ "Selling Off Unused Parking Meter Time: There's an App for That Los Angeles Magazine". 11 November 2014.
23. ^ "Thieves blast and take hold of meter cash". Stuff.
24. ^ Demian Bulwa, "Chicanery tops meters in Berkeley: Vandals wanting to park free put city in yet another jam," San Francisco Relate, 25 January 2004, A21
25. ^ "OSCN Plant Document:Ex parte DUNCAN". Oscn.net. ten December 1936. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
26. ^ Country, EX REL. v. McCARTHY, casetext.com
27. ^ "Inc Magazine, i October 2002". Inc.com. 1 October 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
28. ^ Britt v. Wilmington, 236 N.C. 446, 73 S.E.2d 289 (1952)
29. ^ "Independent Voters of Illinois Independent Precinct v. State of Illinois" (PDF). Circuit Court of Melt County, IL. Retrieved 24 Jan 2011.
30. ^ ^{a b} Dumke, Mick. "Parking Meter Lawsuit Allowed to Keep". Chicago News Cooperative. Archived from the original on x November 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
31. ^ Saffold, CFO City of Chicago, Gene. "Letter Concerning IVI-IPO Lawsuit" (PDF). City of Chicago. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
32. ^ Baxter, Brian. "Chicago's $ane.16 Billion Parking Meter Privatization 'A Watershed Event'". The AM Constabulary Daily. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
33. ^ The parking meter clocks upward fifty years
34. ^ Elizabeth Printing (20 December 2007). "Illustrating Parking Reform with Dr. Shoup". Streetfilms. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
35. ^ Loma-Holtzman, Nancy (19 January 1992). "Portable Parking Meters a Tick Away". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved eighteen January 2011.
36. ^ Leyden, John. "Park and pay by mobile comes to London". The Annals. Retrieved 18 Jan 2011.
37. ^ "Parking Today". Parking Today. Retrieved nineteen August 2013.
38. ^ "Electronic iPark Devices Available Once more". ARLnow.com. Retrieved 19 Baronial 2013.
39. ^ "Comet Personal Parking Meter". Ganisparking.com. Archived from the original on eleven June 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
40. ^ "EasyPark|Personal Parking Meter". EasyPark USA. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
41. ^ "New Customers". Bookings.parkmagic.cyberspace. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.

Sources [edit]

• Oklahoma City site of first parking meter. (Historic film)
• "Parking Meters Yield $50,000 A Year" 1951 article with excellent illustration of coin-operated meters
• Articles from the Wausau Daily Herald
• Metergate from the SF Times (archived)
• Brink'due south 1978 parking meter theft
• Saskatoon, SK - the start Canadian City to offer prison cell phone parking payment option for its parking meters October 21, 2005
• Parking meter payment by prison cell phone from Slashdot, June 26, 2006
• Voice Of America Video
• New Parking Meter, calls you lot when time is upwards - with Pictures
• Sensor based parking meter with push enforcement, bike share, wayfinding, and validation
• Secure Storage Technologies Smart Parking Meter
• The Instance of the Parking Meter Thief, FBI

External links [edit]

• U.South. Patent 2,118,318 - Coin controlled parking meter
• The Parking Meter Page

How To Use Parking Meter,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_meter

Posted by: germanhaing1965.blogspot.com

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