What Is A Flash Drive Used For

Data storage device

"Jump drive" redirects here. For the fictional space travel method, encounter Hyperspace. For the wink drive brand, see Lexar.

A SanDisk Cruzer USB drive from 2011, with 4 GB of storage chapters

A SanDisk Ultra Flair USB drive from 2020, attached with an HP Laptop

A USB wink drive (likewise called a pollex drive)^{[1] [note 1]} is a data storage device that includes flash retention with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than thirty g (1 oz). Since commencement appearing on the market in late 2000, as with almost all other computer memory devices, storage capacities accept risen while prices have dropped. As of March 2016^[update], flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 gigabytes (GB^[iv]) were ofttimes sold, while 512 GB and ane terabyte (TB^[five]) units were less frequent.^{[half-dozen] [7]} Every bit of 2018, 2 TB flash drives were the largest available in terms of storage chapters.^[eight] Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of retentiveness bit used, and are thought to physically last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time^[9]).

Common uses of USB flash drives are for storage, supplementary back-ups, and transferring of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs, they are smaller, faster, have significantly more capacity, and are more than durable due to a lack of moving parts. Additionally, they are less vulnerable to electromagnetic interference than floppy disks, and are unharmed past surface scratches (unlike CDs). Nonetheless, every bit with whatever wink storage, data loss from bit leaking due to prolonged lack of electrical power and the possibility of spontaneous controller failure due to poor manufacturing could make information technology unsuitable for long-term archival of data. The power to retain information is affected by the controller'south firmware, internal data redundancy, and error correction algorithms.^{[10] [11]}

Until about 2005, nigh desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in add-on to USB ports, just floppy disk drives became obsolete after widespread adoption of USB ports and the larger USB drive capacity compared to the "one.44 megabyte" (1440 kibibyte) 3.5-inch floppy deejay.

USB wink drives use the USB mass storage device course standard, supported natively by modernistic operating systems such as Windows, Linux, macOS and other Unix-like systems, likewise as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can shop more than information and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and tin can be read past many other systems such as the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, DVD players, automobile amusement systems, and in a number of handheld devices such every bit smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically like SD carte is meliorate suited for those devices, due to their standardized course factor, which allows it to be housed inside a device without protruding.

A flash bulldoze consists of a modest printed excursion board conveying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metallic, or rubberized example, which tin exist carried in a pocket or on a fundamental chain, for case. Some are equipped with an I/O indication LED that lights upwardly or blinks upon access. The USB connector may be protected past a removable cap or by retracting into the trunk of the bulldoze, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard blazon-A USB connection assuasive connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces besides exist (eastward.g. micro-USB and USB-C ports). USB flash drives draw power from the calculator via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage; they crave a battery only when used to play music on the go.

History [edit]

The basis for USB flash drives is flash memory, a type of floating-gate semiconductor retention invented by Fujio Masuoka in the early 1980s. Wink retention uses floating-gate MOSFET transistors equally memory cells.^{[12] [13]}

Multiple individuals take staked a merits to beingness the inventor of the USB flash drive. On April 5, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron Ogdan of 1000-Systems, an Israeli company, filed a patent application entitled "Architecture for a Universal Serial Bus-Based PC Flash Disk".^{[xiv] [3]} The patent was subsequently granted on Nov 14, 2000 and these individuals have often been recognized equally the inventors of the USB flash drive.^[15] Also in 1999, Shimon Shmueli, an engineer at IBM, submitted an invention disclosure asserting that he had invented the USB flash drive.^{[three] [16]} A Singaporean company named Expedition 2000 International is the start visitor known to take sold a USB flash drive, and has likewise maintained that information technology is the original inventor of the device.^[17] Finally Pua Khein-Seng, a Malaysian engineer, has also been recognized by some equally a possible inventor of the device.^[18]

Given these competing claims to inventorship, patent disputes involving the USB flash drive accept arisen over the years. Both Expedition 2000 International and Netac Technology have accused others of infringing their patents on the USB wink drive.^{[nineteen] [20] [21]} Still, despite these lawsuits, the question of who was the commencement to invent the USB wink drive has not been definitively settled and multiple claims persist.

Technology improvements [edit]

Flash drives are ofttimes measured by the rate at which they transfer data. Transfer rates may be given in megabytes per second (MB/due south), megabits per second (Mbit/s), or in optical drive multipliers such as "180X" (180 times 150 KiB/s).^[22] File transfer rates vary considerably among devices. 2nd generation flash drives have claimed to read at up to 30 MB/s and write at well-nigh half that rate, which was most xx times faster than the theoretical transfer charge per unit achievable by the previous model, USB i.ane, which is express to 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/southward) with accounted overhead.^[23] The constructive transfer rate of a device is significantly afflicted by the data access pattern.^[24]

Past 2002, USB flash drives had USB 2.0 connectivity, which has 480 Mbit/southward as the transfer rate upper bound; afterwards accounting for the protocol overhead that translates to a 35 MB/s constructive throughput.^[25] That same year, Intel sparked widespread use of second generation USB by including them within its laptops.^[26]

Past 2010, the maximum bachelor storage capacity for the devices had reached upwards of 128 GB.^[27] USB 3.0 was deadening to appear in laptops. Through 2010, the majority of laptop models still contained just USB two.0.^[26]

In January 2013, tech company Kingston, released a wink bulldoze with 1 TB of storage.^[28] The first USB 3.ane type-C flash drives, with read/write speeds of around 530 MB/due south, were announced in March 2015.^[29] By July 2016, wink drives with eight to 256 GB capacity were sold more oftentimes than those with capacities between 512 GB and 1 TB.^{[half dozen] [7]} In 2017, Kingston Technology appear the release of a ii-TB flash drive.^[30] In 2018, SanDisk announced a 1TB USB-C flash bulldoze, the smallest of its kind.^[31]

Internals of a typical USB flash drive
ane	USB Standard-A, "male" plug
2	USB mass storage controller device
3	Test indicate
4	Flash memory chip
five	Crystal oscillator
6	LED (Optional)
7	Write-protect switch (Optional)
eight	Space for 2nd flash retention chip

On a USB flash drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single Standard-A USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB or USB-C plug, facilitating information transfers between different devices.^[32]

Technology [edit]

On a USB wink drive, one finish of the device is fitted with a unmarried USB plug; some wink drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers between different devices.

Inside the casing is a small printed circuit lath, which has some power circuitry and a pocket-sized number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs).^{[ citation needed ]} Typically, i of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard memory, while the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device form to communicate with the host.^[33]

Wink retentivity [edit]

Flash retentiveness combines a number of older technologies, with lower price, lower power consumption and small size made possible by advances in semiconductor device fabrication applied science. The memory storage was based on earlier EPROM and EEPROM technologies. These had limited capacity, were slow for both reading and writing, required complex high-voltage drive circuitry, and could be re-written only after erasing the entire contents of the chip.

Hardware designers later adult EEPROMs with the erasure region cleaved up into smaller "fields" that could be erased individually without affecting the others. Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the unabridged field into an off-flake buffer memory, erasing the field, modifying the data as required in the buffer, and re-writing it into the same field. This required considerable computer support, and PC-based EEPROM wink memory systems often carried their own dedicated microprocessor arrangement. Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this.

The development of high-speed serial information interfaces such as USB fabricated semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage feasible, and the simultaneous development of small, high-speed, low-power microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Serial access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory chips than does parallel admission, which has simplified the manufacture of multi-gigabyte drives.

Computers access modern^[update] wink memory systems very much similar hard deejay drives, where the controller system has total control over where information is actually stored. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, however, still very similar to the before systems described in a higher place.

Many depression-cost MP3 players simply add extra software and a battery to a standard flash retentiveness command microprocessor so it tin also serve as a music playback decoder. Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive, for storing files of any type.

Essential components [edit]

The internal mechanical and electronic parts of a Kingston 2 GB flash drive

There are typically five parts to a wink drive:

• USB plug – provides a physical interface to the host calculator. Some USB wink drives use USB plug that does not protect the contacts, with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port in the wrong orientation, if the connector type is not symmetrical.
• USB mass storage controller – a pocket-size microcontroller with a small amount of on-scrap ROM and RAM.
• NAND flash retentivity chip(south) – stores data (NAND wink is typically also used in digital cameras).
• Crystal oscillator – produces the device's main clock signal and controls the device's data output through a stage-locked loop.
• Cover – typically made of plastic or metallic, protecting the electronics confronting mechanical stress and fifty-fifty possible short circuits.

Additional components [edit]

The typical device may also include:

The front end and rear side of a USB flash bulldoze with the casing removed

• Jumpers and test pins – for testing during the wink bulldoze'southward manufacturing or loading code into its microcontroller.
• LEDs – indicate data transfers or data reads and writes.
• Write-protect switches – Enable or disable writing of data into memory.
• Unpopulated space – provides infinite to include a 2nd memory scrap. Having this second space allows the manufacturer to use a single printed circuit board for more than one storage size device.
• USB connector cover or cap – reduces the adventure of impairment, prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants, and improves overall device appearance. Some wink drives employ retractable USB connectors instead. Others take a swivel system then that the connector can be protected without removing annihilation.
• Ship aid – the cap or the body often contains a hole suitable for connection to a key chain or lanyard. Connecting the cap, rather than the torso, tin permit the drive itself to be lost.
• Some drives offering expandable storage via an internal retentivity carte du jour slot, much like a retentiveness card reader.^{[34] [35]}

Size and manner of packaging [edit]

Flash drives come in various shapes and sizes, sometimes bulky or novelty, such as the shape of ikura gunkan-maki.

A USB wink drive in the shape of a key

Assortment of USB flash drives

Most USB flash drives weigh less than 30 k (one oz).^[36] While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size,^[37] with the biggest retentivity, offering drives only a few millimeters larger than the USB plug itself,^[38] some manufacturers differentiate their products by using elaborate housings, which are often bulky and make the drive hard to connect to the USB port. Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a flash bulldoze into a USB port may block an adjacent port. Such devices may conduct the USB logo but if sold with a separate extension cable. Such cables are USB-compatible but do non conform to the USB standard.^{[39] [twoscore]}

USB flash drives have been integrated into other commonly carried items, such as watches, pens, laser pointers, and fifty-fifty the Swiss Ground forces Knife; others have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or Lego bricks. USB wink drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very popular in Asia.^[41] The small-scale size, robustness and cheapness of USB flash drives make them an increasingly popular peripheral for instance modding.

File arrangement [edit]

Most flash drives transport preformatted with the FAT32, or exFAT file systems. The ubiquity of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to be accessed on about any host device with USB back up. Likewise, standard Fatty maintenance utilities (e.k., ScanDisk) can be used to repair or recollect corrupted data. However, considering a wink bulldoze appears as a USB-continued hard drive to the host arrangement, the drive can be reformatted to whatever file system supported past the host operating system.

Defragmenting [edit]

Flash drives can exist defragmented. There is a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings little advantage (equally there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment), and that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive past making many unnecessary writes.^[42] Withal, some sources claim^[43] that defragmenting a flash drive can improve performance (mostly due to improved caching of the amassed data), and the additional clothing on flash drives may non be significant.

Even distribution [edit]

Some file systems are designed to distribute usage over an unabridged memory device without concentrating usage on whatever part (e.m., for a directory) to prolong the life of simple flash retention devices. Some USB flash drives have this 'wearable leveling' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others practice non, so it is not necessarily helpful to install one of these file systems.^[44]

Hard disk drive [edit]

Sectors are 512 bytes long, for compatibility with hd drives, and the first sector tin can contain a master boot record and a partition table. Therefore, USB flash units tin can be partitioned just like hard disk drives.

Longevity [edit]

The memory in flash drives was commonly engineered with multi-level prison cell (MLC) based memory that is good for around 3,000-5,000 program-erase cycles.^[45] Nowadays Triple-level Prison cell (TLC) is as well often used, which has upward to 500 write cycles per physical sector, while some high-end flash drives have single-level cell (SLC) based memory that is good for effectually thirty,000 writes.^[46] There is most no limit to the number of reads from such flash memory, so a well-worn USB drive may exist write-protected to aid ensure the life of private cells.

Estimation of flash memory endurance is a challenging bailiwick that depends on the SLC/MLC/TLC memory blazon, size of the flash retention fries, and actual usage pattern. As a event, a USB flash bulldoze tin can last from a few days to several hundred years.^[47]

Regardless of the endurance of the memory itself, the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand simply around 1,500 insert-removal cycles.^[48]

Apocryphal products [edit]

Apocryphal USB flash drives are sometimes sold with claims of having higher capacities than they actually accept. These are typically low chapters USB drives whose wink retentivity controller firmware is modified so that they emulate larger chapters drives (for instance, a 2 GB bulldoze existence marketed equally a 64 GB drive). When plugged into a calculator, they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold every bit, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the bulldoze freezes upwardly, or it overwrites existing information. Software tools exist to cheque and detect fake USB drives,^{[49] [50]} and in some cases it is possible to repair these devices to remove the faux chapters data and use its real storage limit.^[51]

File transfer speeds [edit]

Transfer speeds are technically determined past the slowest of three factors: the USB version used, the speed in which the USB controller device can read and write data onto the flash retentivity, and the speed of the hardware bus, especially in the case of add-on USB ports.

USB flash drives commonly specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per 2nd (MB/s); read speed is normally faster. These speeds are for optimal conditions; existent-world speeds are usually slower. In particular, circumstances that often lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer (specially writing) of many pocket-size files rather than a few very large ones, and mixed reading and writing to the aforementioned device.

In a typical well-conducted review of a number of high-operation USB 3.0 drives, a bulldoze that could read large files at 68 MB/s and write at 46 MB/s, could only manage 14 MB/southward and 0.3 MB/due south with many pocket-sized files. When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of some other drive, that could read at 92 MB/s and write at lxx MB/s, was 8 MB/s. These differences differ radically from 1 drive to another; some drives could write small files at over 10% of the speed for large ones. The examples given are called to illustrate extremes.^[52]

Uses [edit]

Personal information transport [edit]

The near mutual apply of flash drives is to send and store personal files, such as documents, pictures and videos. Individuals also shop medical information on flash drives for emergencies and disaster preparation.

Secure storage of data, application and software files [edit]

With broad deployment(southward) of flash drives being used in various environments (secured or otherwise), the issue of data and information security remains of import. The employ of biometrics and encryption is becoming the norm with the need for increased security for data; on-the-wing encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard, every bit they tin transparently encrypt big amounts of data. In some cases a secure USB drive may use a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data. IEEE 1667 is an attempt to create a generic hallmark platform for USB drives. It is supported in Windows 7 and Windows Vista (Service Pack two with a hotfix).^[53]

Computer forensics and law enforcement [edit]

A recent development for the utilise of a USB Flash Drive as an application carrier is to carry the Computer Online Forensic Bear witness Extractor (COFEE) application developed by Microsoft. COFEE is a ready of applications designed to search for and excerpt digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects.^[54] Forensic software is required not to alter, in whatsoever style, the information stored on the computer being examined. Other forensic suites run from CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, but cannot store data on the media they are run from (although they tin can write to other attached devices, such as external drives or memory sticks).

Updating motherboard firmware [edit]

Motherboard firmware (including BIOS and UEFI) can exist updated using USB flash drives. Ordinarily, new firmware paradigm is downloaded and placed onto a FAT16- or FAT32-formatted USB flash drive connected to a system which is to be updated, and path to the new firmware image is selected within the update component of organisation'southward firmware.^[55] Some motherboard manufacturers are also allowing such updates to exist performed without the demand for inbound organisation's firmware update component, making information technology possible to easily recover systems with corrupted firmware.^[56]

Besides, HP has introduced a USB floppy bulldoze key, which is an ordinary USB flash drive with additional possibility for performing floppy drive emulation, assuasive its usage for updating organization firmware where direct usage of USB flash drives is not supported. Desired mode of operation (either regular USB mass storage device or of floppy drive emulation) is made selectable by a sliding switch on the device'due south housing.^{[57] [58]}

Booting operating systems [edit]

Nearly current PC firmware permits booting from a USB drive, assuasive the launch of an operating system from a bootable wink drive. Such a configuration is known equally a Live USB.^[59]

Original wink memory designs had very express estimated lifetimes. The failure machinery for wink retention cells is analogous to a metal fatigue mode; the device fails by refusing to write new data to specific cells that have been subject to many read-write cycles over the device's lifetime. Premature failure of a "live USB" could be circumvented by using a flash bulldoze with a write-lock switch as a WORM device, identical to a live CD. Originally, this potential failure mode limited the use of "alive USB" organisation to special-purpose applications or temporary tasks, such as:

• Loading a minimal, hardened kernel for embedded applications (e.g., network router, firewall).
• Bootstrapping an operating organisation install or disk cloning operation, often beyond a network.
• Maintenance tasks, such as virus scanning or low-level information repair, without the main host operating arrangement loaded.

As of 2011^[update], newer wink retentivity designs have much higher estimated lifetimes. Several manufacturers are at present offering warranties of five years or more. Such warranties should make the device more attractive for more applications. By reducing the probability of the device's premature failure, wink retentivity devices tin can now be considered for use where a magnetic deejay would normally have been required. Flash drives have also experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time (following the Moore'southward Law growth curve). Equally of 2013, single-packaged devices with capacities of 1 TB are readily available,^[60] and devices with 16 GB capacity are very economical. Storage capacities in this range have traditionally been considered to offering adequate space, because they let enough space for both the operating arrangement software and some gratis space for the user's data.

Operating system installation media [edit]

Installers of some operating systems tin exist stored to a flash drive instead of a CD or DVD, including various Linux distributions, Windows vii and newer versions, and macOS. In item, Mac Bone X 10.7 is distributed just online, through the Mac App Store, or on flash drives; for a MacBook Air with Kick Camp and no external optical drive, a flash drive can be used to run installation of Windows or Linux.

However, for installation of Windows 7 and afterwards versions, using USB flash bulldoze with difficult disk drive emulation equally detected in PC's firmware is recommended in order to boot from it. Transcend is the but manufacturer of USB flash drives containing such feature.

Furthermore, for installation of Windows XP, using USB flash bulldoze with storage limit of at most two GB is recommended in order to boot from it.

Windows ReadyBoost [edit]

In Windows Vista and later versions, ReadyBoost feature allows flash drives (from 4 GB in case of Windows Vista) to augment operating organization memory.^[61]

Awarding carriers [edit]

Flash drives are used to carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring installation. While any standalone application can in principle exist used this style, many programs store data, configuration information, etc. on the hard drive and registry of the host reckoner.

The U3 company works with drive makers (parent visitor SanDisk as well equally others) to evangelize custom versions of applications designed for Microsoft Windows from a special flash drive; U3-compatible devices are designed to autoload a bill of fare when plugged into a estimator running Windows. Applications must be modified for the U3 platform non to get out any data on the host machine. U3 likewise provides a software framework for independent software vendors interested in their platform.

Ceedo is an alternative product, with the key difference that it does non require Windows applications to exist modified in order for them to be carried and run on the drive.

Similarly, other application virtualization solutions and portable awarding creators, such every bit VMware ThinApp (for Windows) or RUNZ (for Linux) can be used to run software from a wink drive without installation.

In October 2010, Apple Inc. released their newest iteration of the MacBook Air, which had the system'south restore files independent on a USB hard drive rather than the traditional install CDs, due to the Air non coming with an optical drive.^[62]

A wide range of portable applications which are all gratuitous of charge, and able to run off a computer running Windows without storing anything on the host estimator's drives or registry, can exist found in the list of portable software.

Backup [edit]

Some value-added resellers are now using a flash drive as role of small-business turnkey solutions (due east.g., point-of-sale systems). The drive is used equally a backup medium: at the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database fill-in is saved to the drive. Alternatively, the drive can be left inserted through the business concern day, and information regularly updated. In either instance, the drive is removed at night and taken offsite.

• This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to be done.
• The drive is small-scale and user-friendly, and more than likely to be carried off-site for safety.
• The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes.
• The capacity is often large plenty for several backup images of critical data.
• Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.

Wink drives as well have disadvantages. They are like shooting fish in a barrel to lose and facilitate unauthorized backups. A bottom setback for flash drives is that they accept merely i tenth the capacity of hard drives manufactured effectually their time of distribution.

Password Reset Disk [edit]

Password Reset Disk is a characteristic of the Windows operating system. If a user sets up a Password Reset Disk, it can be used to reset the password on the computer it was set up on.

Audio players [edit]

A contemporary thumb drive styled solid-state digital audio role player (Sony Walkman B180 Series)

Many companies make small solid-country digital audio players, essentially producing flash drives with sound output and a simple user interface. Examples include the Creative MuVo, Philips GoGear and the first generation iPod shuffle. Some of these players are truthful USB flash drives as well as music players; others exercise not support general-purpose information storage. Other applications requiring storage, such as digital voice or sound recording, tin besides exist combined with flash drive functionality.^[63]

Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery, charged from the USB interface. Fancier devices that function every bit a digital audio histrion take a USB host port (blazon A female typically).

Media storage and marketing [edit]

The German band Wizo's Stick EP, released in 2004, was the first album released on a USB stick.

Digital audio files tin be transported from ane computer to some other like whatever other file, and played on a uniform media player (with caveats for DRM-locked files). In addition, many abode Hi-Fi and car stereo head units are at present equipped with a USB port. This allows a USB flash drive containing media files in a variety of formats to be played directly on devices which back up the format. Some LCD monitors for consumer HDTV viewing have a defended USB port through which music and video files can likewise be played without employ of a personal reckoner.

Artists have sold or given away USB flash drives, with the beginning case believed to be in 2004 when the German language punk band Wizo released the Stick EP, but as a USB drive. In addition to 5 high-bitrate MP3s, it also included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature.^[64] Subsequently, artists including Nine Inch Nails and Kylie Minogue^[65] take released music and promotional material on USB flash drives. The first USB anthology to be released in the Uk was Kiss Does... Rave, a compilation album released by the Buss Network in April 2007.^[66]

Brand and product promotion [edit]

The availability of inexpensive flash drives has enabled them to be used for promotional and marketing purposes, specially within technical and computer-industry circles (e.g., engineering science trade shows). They may exist given away for free, sold at less than wholesale price, or included as a bonus with another purchased product.

Usually, such drives will be custom-stamped with a company'southward logo, as a form of advertising. The drive may exist blank, or preloaded with graphics, documentation, web links, Flash animation or other multimedia, and free or demonstration software. Some preloaded drives are read-only, while others are configured with both read-only and user-writable segments. Such dual-sectionalisation drives are more expensive.^[67]

Wink drives can be set up up to automatically launch stored presentations, websites, articles, and whatever other software immediately on insertion of the drive using the Microsoft Windows AutoRun feature.^[68] Autorunning software this way does non work on all computers, and it is normally disabled by security-conscious users.

Arcades [edit]

In the arcade game In the Groove and more than usually In The Groove 2, wink drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, trip the light fantastic edits, and combos throughout sessions. As of software revision 21 (R21), players can also store custom songs and play them on any machine on which this feature is enabled. While use of wink drives is mutual, the drive must be Linux compatible.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the arcade games Pump it Upward NX2 and Pump it Upwardly NXA, a specially produced flash drive is used as a "salvage file" for unlocked songs, as well every bit for progressing in the WorldMax and Encephalon Shower sections of the game.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the arcade game Dance Trip the light fantastic Revolution X, an exclusive USB flash drive was fabricated past Konami for the purpose of the link characteristic from its Sony PlayStation 2 analogue. However, whatsoever USB wink drive can exist used in this arcade game.^{[ citation needed ]}

Conveniences [edit]

Flash drives employ little power, take no fragile moving parts, and for virtually capacities are minor and lite. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields, scratches and dust. These properties make them suitable for transporting data from place to identify and keeping the information readily at mitt.

Flash drives also store information densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the power to hold many times more than data than a DVD (54 DVDs) or even a Blu-ray (10 BDs).^[69]

Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class and so that nearly mod operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The flash drives present a elementary block-structured logical unit to the host operating system, hiding the individual complex implementation details of the diverse underlying flash retentivity devices. The operating arrangement can use any file system or cake addressing scheme. Some computers can kick upwardly from flash drives.

Specially manufactured flash drives are available that take a tough rubber or metallic casing designed to be waterproof and near "unbreakable". These flash drives retain their memory after being submerged in water, and even through a machine wash. Leaving such a flash drive out to dry out completely before allowing electric current to run through it has been known to upshot in a working drive with no future problems. Aqueduct Five's Gadget Show cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze it with dry ice, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from figurer drives managed to recover all the data on the drive.^[70] All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.

Comparing with other portable storage [edit]

Punched cards in storage at a U.S. Federal records center in 1959. All the data visible here could fit on a unmarried flash drive.

Tape [edit]

The applications of current information record cartridges hardly overlap those of flash drives: on record, cost per gigabyte is very low for large volumes, but the individual drives and media are expensive. Media have a very high capacity and very fast transfer speeds, but store information sequentially and are very slow for random admission of information. While disk-based backup is now the primary medium of choice for near companies, tape fill-in is however popular for taking information off-site for worst-case scenarios and for very big volumes (more than a few hundreds of TB). Run across LTO tapes.

Floppy deejay [edit]

Size comparison of a wink drive and a 3.5-inch floppy deejay. The flash bulldoze tin hold about 11,380 times more data.

Floppy deejay drives are rarely fitted to modern computers and are obsolete for normal purposes, although internal and external drives tin be fitted if required. Floppy disks may be the method of choice for transferring data to and from very old computers without USB or booting from floppy disks, and then they are sometimes used to change the firmware on, for case, BIOS chips. Devices with removable storage like older Yamaha music keyboards are also dependent on floppy disks, which crave computers to process them. Newer devices are built with USB flash drive back up.

Floppy deejay hardware emulators be which finer utilize the internal connections and physical attributes of a floppy disk drive to utilize a device where a USB flash drive emulates the storage space of a floppy disk in a solid land form, and can exist divided into a number of individual virtual floppy disk images using individual data channels.

Optical media [edit]

The various writable and re-writable forms of CD and DVD are portable storage media supported by the vast bulk of computers every bit of 2008. CD-R, DVD-R, and DVD+R tin can be written to but once, RW varieties upwards to virtually 1,000 erase/write cycles, while mod NAND-based flash drives often last for 500,000 or more erase/write cycles. DVD-RAM discs are the nearly suitable optical discs for information storage involving much rewriting.

Optical storage devices are amid the cheapest methods of mass data storage after the difficult drive. They are slower than their wink-based counterparts. Standard 120 mm optical discs are larger than flash drives and more than field of study to damage. Smaller optical media do exist, such as business concern card CD-Rs which have the same dimensions equally a credit card, and the slightly less convenient simply college chapters eighty mm recordable MiniCD and Mini DVD. The minor discs are more than expensive than the standard size, and do not work in all drives.

Universal Deejay Format (UDF) version 1.fifty and in a higher place has facilities to support rewritable discs like sparing tables and virtual allocation tables, spreading usage over the entire surface of a disc and maximising life, but many older operating systems exercise not back up this format. Packet-writing utilities such equally DirectCD and InCD are available merely produce discs that are not universally readable (although based on the UDF standard). The Mount Rainier standard addresses this shortcoming in CD-RW media by running the older file systems on summit of it and performing defect management for those standards, but it requires back up from both the CD/DVD burner and the operating system. Many drives fabricated today do not support Mount Rainier, and many older operating systems such as Windows XP and below, and Linux kernels older than 2.6.2, do not support information technology (later versions practice). Substantially CDs/DVDs are a skilful mode to record a bully deal of information cheaply and take the advantage of being readable by nigh standalone players, simply they are poor at making ongoing small changes to a large collection of information. Flash drives' ability to do this is their major reward over optical media.

Flash retention cards [edit]

Three different Micro Heart-branded digital media, showing a USB flash drive, an SD card, and a Micro-SD card, all having a chapters of viii GiB, next to a U.Southward five-cent money for size comparing

Flash memory cards, e.g., Secure Digital cards, are bachelor in diverse formats and capacities, and are used by many consumer devices. However, while near all PCs take USB ports, assuasive the utilise of USB wink drives, memory menu readers are non commonly supplied every bit standard equipment (peculiarly with desktop computers). Although cheap card readers are available that read many mutual formats, this results in 2 pieces of portable equipment (carte du jour plus reader) rather than one.

Some manufacturers, aiming at a "best of both worlds" solution, have produced carte du jour readers that approach the size and course of USB flash drives (e.chiliad., Kingston MobileLite,^[71] SanDisk MobileMate^[72]) These readers are limited to a specific subset of memory card formats (such as SD, microSD, or Memory Stick), and oft completely enclose the card, offer durability and portability approaching, if non quite equal to, that of a flash drive. Although the combined cost of a mini-reader and a memory card is usually slightly college than a USB flash bulldoze of comparable capacity, the reader + card solution offers additional flexibility of use, and virtually "unlimited" chapters. The ubiquity of SD cards is such that, circa 2011, due to economies of calibration, their toll is now less than an equivalent-capacity USB wink drive, even with the added cost of a USB SD carte du jour reader.

An additional advantage of retentivity cards is that many consumer devices (eastward.m., digital cameras, portable music players) cannot make utilise of USB flash drives (fifty-fifty if the device has a USB port), whereas the memory cards used by the devices tin be read by PCs with a card reader.

External hard disk [edit]

Particularly with the advent of USB, external hard disks have get widely available and inexpensive. External hard deejay drives currently toll less per gigabyte than flash drives and are bachelor in larger capacities. Some hard drives support alternative and faster interfaces than USB 2.0 (e.1000., Thunderbolt, FireWire and eSATA). For consecutive sector writes and reads (for example, from an unfragmented file), most hard drives tin provide a much higher sustained information charge per unit than current NAND flash retention, though mechanical latencies seriously touch on hard drive performance.

Different solid-land memory, difficult drives are susceptible to damage by shock (e.g., a short fall) and vibration, have limitations on use at high distance, and although they are shielded by their casings, they are vulnerable when exposed to strong magnetic fields. In terms of overall mass, hard drives are normally larger and heavier than flash drives; however, hard disks sometimes weigh less per unit of storage. Like flash drives, hard disks too endure from file fragmentation, which can reduce admission speed^{[ citation needed ]}.

Obsolete devices [edit]

Audio record cassettes and loftier-capacity floppy disks (e.1000., Imation SuperDisk), and other forms of drives with removable magnetic media, such equally the Iomega Zip drive and Jaz drives, are now largely obsolete and rarely used. At that place are products in today'southward marketplace that volition emulate these legacy drives for both record and deejay (SCSI1/SCSI2, SASI, Magneto optic, Ricoh ZIP, Jaz, IBM3590/ Fujitsu 3490E and Bernoulli for example) in state-of-the-art Compact Flash storage devices – CF2SCSI.

Encryption and security [edit]

As highly portable media, USB flash drives are easily lost or stolen. All USB flash drives can accept their contents encrypted using third-political party disk encryption software, which can oftentimes be run directly from the USB drive without installation (for instance, FreeOTFE), although some, such as BitLocker, require the user to have administrative rights on every figurer information technology is run on.

Archiving software tin can attain a similar result by creating encrypted Zip or RAR files.^{[73] [74]}

Some manufacturers have produced USB flash drives which use hardware-based encryption as part of the design,^[75] removing the need for third-political party encryption software. In limited circumstances these drives have been shown to have security problems, and are typically more than expensive than software-based systems, which are available for free.

A minority of flash drives support biometric fingerprinting to confirm the user's identity. Every bit of mid-2005^[update],^{[ needs update ]} this was an expensive alternative to standard password protection offered on many new USB flash storage devices. About fingerprint scanning drives rely upon the host operating organization to validate the fingerprint via a software driver, frequently restricting the drive to Microsoft Windows computers. However, there are USB drives with fingerprint scanners which use controllers that let access to protected data without whatsoever authentication.^[76]

Some manufacturers deploy physical authentication tokens in the form of a flash drive. These are used to control access to a sensitive system by containing encryption keys or, more commonly, communicating with security software on the target motorcar. The system is designed so the target machine will non operate except when the wink bulldoze device is plugged into it. Some of these "PC lock" devices also part every bit normal flash drives when plugged into other machines.

Controversies [edit]

Criticisms [edit]

Failures [edit]

Like all flash memory devices, flash drives can sustain simply a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails.^{[77] [ unreliable source? ] [78]} This should be a consideration when using a flash drive to run application software or an operating arrangement. To accost this, likewise as infinite limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB)^[79] or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives. These are typically optimized for size and configured to identify temporary or intermediate files in the computer's main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive.

When used in the aforementioned style every bit external rotating drives (hard drives, optical drives, or floppy drives), i.e. in ignorance of their technology, USB drives' failure is more likely to be sudden: while rotating drives can fail instantaneously, they more than frequently requite some indication (noises, slowness) that they are about to fail, oft with enough accelerate warning that data can be removed before total failure. USB drives give little or no accelerate warning of failure. Furthermore, when internal article of clothing-leveling is applied to prolong life of the flash drive, once failure of fifty-fifty part of the memory occurs information technology tin be hard or impossible to use the remainder of the drive, which differs from magnetic media, where bad sectors can be marked permanently not to be used.^[80]

Virtually USB flash drives practice not include a write protection mechanism. This feature, which gradually became less common, consists of a switch on the housing of the bulldoze itself, that prevents the host reckoner from writing or modifying information on the drive. For example, write protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus-contaminated host computers without the risk of infecting a USB flash drive itself. In contrast to SD cards, write protection on USB flash drives (when available) is connected to the drive circuitry, and is handled past the drive itself instead of the host (on SD cards handling of the write-protection notch is optional).

A drawback to the small physical size of flash drives is that they are easily misplaced or otherwise lost. This is a particular problem if they contain sensitive data (see data security). As a issue, some manufacturers have added encryption hardware to their drives, although software encryption systems which can exist used in conjunction with any mass storage medium will accomplish the same consequence. Most drives can be fastened to keychains or lanyards. The USB plug is usually retractable or fitted with a removable protective cap.

Robustness [edit]

Most USB-based flash technology integrates a printed circuit board with a metal tip, which is only soldered on. As a result, the stress bespeak is where the two pieces join. The quality control of some manufacturers does not ensure a proper solder temperature, further weakening the stress point.^{[81] [82]} Since many flash drives stick out from computers, they are probable to be bumped repeatedly and may break at the stress betoken. Most of the time, a break at the stress point tears the articulation from the printed circuit board and results in permanent damage. Even so, some manufacturers produce discreet flash drives that practice non stick out, and others apply a solid metallic or plastic uni-body that has no easily discernible stress point. SD cards serve every bit a good alternative to USB drives since they can be inserted affluent.

Security threats [edit]

USB killer [edit]

In appearance like to a USB wink drive, a USB killer is a circuit that charges upwards capacitors to a high voltage using the power supply pins of a USB port then discharges loftier voltage pulses onto the information pins. This completely standalone device tin can instantly and permanently damage or destroy whatsoever host hardware that it is connected to.^[83]

"Flash Drives for Liberty" [edit]

The New York-based Human Rights Foundation collaborated with Forum 280 and USB Memory Direct to launch the "Flash Drives for Freedom" program.^{[84] [85]} The program was created in 2016 to smuggle flash drives with American and S Korean movies and television receiver shows, as well as a copy of the Korean Wikipedia, into North Korea to spread pro-Western sentiment.^{[86] [87]}

Current and future developments [edit]

The internals of a 32 GB Toshiba USB 3.0 flash drive. The USB iii.0 standard is becoming increasingly popular. This drive has a write speed of 60 MB/s and a read speed of 120 MB/southward, making information technology faster than the USB ii.0 standard.

Semiconductor corporations have worked to reduce the toll of the components in a flash bulldoze by integrating various flash drive functions in a single chip, thereby reducing the function-count and overall package-cost.

Flash drive capacities on the market increase continually. High speed has become a standard for modernistic flash drives. Capacities exceeding 256 GB were available on the market equally early as 2009.^[69]

Lexar is attempting to introduce a USB FlashCard, which would be a meaty USB flash drive intended to replace various kinds of wink memory cards. Pretec introduced a similar card, which also plugs into any USB port, but is just one quarter the thickness of the Lexar model.^[88] Until 2008, SanDisk manufactured a product chosen SD Plus, which was a SecureDigital card with a USB connector.^[89]

SanDisk has also introduced a new technology to allow controlled storage and usage of copyrighted materials on wink drives, primarily for utilise by students. This applied science is termed FlashCP.

Come across likewise [edit]

• List of computer hardware
• Memristor
• Microdrive
• Nonvolatile BIOS memory
• Portable application
• ReadyBoost
• Sneakernet
• Solid-state bulldoze (SSD)
• USB dead drop
• USB Flash Bulldoze Alliance
• Windows To Become
• Deejay enclosure
• External storage
• BadUSB

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Jumpdrive is a Lexar trademark.^[2] Less mutual names are disk primal, disk on cardinal (after the original M-Systems DiskOnKey drive from 2000),^[3] flash stick, gig stick, retentivity stick (not to exist dislocated with the Sony Retentivity Stick), pen drive, USB drive, USB key, USB memory, or USB stick. For an incomplete list of alternative names, see the list of redirects to this article.

References [edit]

1. ^ "pollex bulldoze". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved December 11, 2021.
2. ^ "Jumpdrive". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved Dec xi, 2021.
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Object of Involvement: The Flash Drive". The New Yorker . Retrieved 2018-ten-04 .
4. ^ i GB = 1 billion bytes
5. ^ ane TB = 1 thousand gigabytes
6. ^ ^{a b} Madison, Alex (2016-07-09). "Keychain Non Included: The Five Highest-Capacity USB Flash Drives for Your Digital Life". Digital Trends . Retrieved 17 Oct 2016.
7. ^ ^{a b} Athow, Want (2016-07-04). "The best USB flash drives 2016". Tech Radar . Retrieved 17 October 2016.
8. ^ "The Largest Flash Drives | Digital Trends". Digital Trends. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-10-09 .
9. ^ USB flash drives allow reading, writing, and erasing of data, with some allowing ane million write/erase cycles in each jail cell of memory: if there were 100 uses per day, 1 1000000 cycles could span 10,000 days or over 27 years. Some devices level the usage by auto-shifting action to underused sections of memory.
10. ^ "USB Flash drive Resurrection". SecTechno. 29 May 2011. Retrieved 12 Dec 2021.
11. ^ "Understanding Life Expectancy of Wink Storage". www.ni.com. 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2020-12-19 .
12. ^ "Flash Memory". TU Wien . Retrieved 4 Dec 2019.
13. ^ Harris, David; Harris, Sarah (2010). Digital Design and Computer Architecture. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 263–4. ISBN978-0-08-054706-0.
14. ^ [ane], "Compages for a universal serial passenger vehicle-based PC flash disk", issued 1999-04-05
15. ^ "Who invented the Thumb-Drive?". Kodak Digitizing . Retrieved 2021-03-25 .
16. ^ "History Of The Flash Bulldoze". MediaFast. 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2021-03-25 .
17. ^ "Who Invented the USB Flash Drive? - Premium USB". www.premiumusb.com . Retrieved 2021-03-25 .
18. ^ "'Father of pen bulldoze' at present a Datuk | The Star". world wide web.thestar.com.my . Retrieved 2021-03-25 .
19. ^ "Patent Expires for Flash Memory Sticks, Invented by a Chinese Company-Jiemian Global". en.jiemian.com . Retrieved 2021-03-25 .
20. ^ "Singapore house wins patent on thumb bulldoze". The Straits Times . Retrieved 2006-08-01 .
21. ^ "Expedition 2000 and the ThumbDrive". nlb.gov.sg. March 23, 2010. Retrieved 2016-06-25 .
22. ^ "4 Optical Drives through Port Multiplier". vampiric.us. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
23. ^ "USB ane.0 vs. USB 2.0". Diffen. Retrieved 22 Dec 2014.
24. ^ "Reducing Seek Overhead with Awarding-Directed Prefetching". Usenix.org. Usenix. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
25. ^ Edwards, Nathan. "Why Storage Drive Speeds Don't Hit Their Theoretical Limits". Tested. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
26. ^ ^{a b} "Want a laptop with USB three.0? The few, the proud". CNET. 2010-09-19. Retrieved 2018-10-ten .
27. ^ "All-Time 100 Gadgets". Time. 2010-10-25. Archived from the original on Oct 28, 2010.
28. ^ "Kingston unveils 1 terabyte flash drive". Us Today . Retrieved 2018-10-ten .
29. ^ "PK: the Globe's Commencement USB Kit with iii.1 technology". Retrieved i June 2016.
30. ^ Mullen, Jethro. "The world's biggest wink bulldoze tin can store more than than 160 HD movies". CNNMoney . Retrieved 2018-10-x .
31. ^ "SanDisk shows off the world's smallest 1TB USB-C wink drive at CES". TheVerge.com. nine January 2018.
32. ^ Broida, Rick (2013-12-x). "PKparis unveils world's smallest Android wink drive | Android Atlas - CNET Reviews". Reviews.cnet.com. Retrieved 2014-02-19 .
33. ^ "What's Inside a USB Drive?". PremiumUSB.com . Retrieved 2018-10-10 .
34. ^ PNY USB Flash Drive – CES 2006 – LetsGoDigital. Ces-show.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-xviii.
35. ^ BlueTrek Bizz – an expandable USB and a Bluetooth headset in one Archived 2014-08-29 at the Wayback Motorcar. TechChee.com (2008-05-20). Retrieved on 2011-05-18.
36. ^ Frequently Asked Questions Nigh USB Wink Drives. Retrieved on 2011-05-eighteen.
37. ^ Newman, Jared (2015-06-17). "Globe'southward smallest 128GB USB 3.0 drive: PKParis K'one picks a fight with SanDisk Ultra Fit". PCWorld . Retrieved 2017-06-06 .
38. ^ Marino, Robert (2015-09-ten). "Guide: The 20 Best Small-scale USB Flash Drives". Computershopper.com . Retrieved 2017-06-06 .
39. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-06-01 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
40. ^ "USB ii.0 Specification Engineering Change Detect (ECN) #ane: Mini-B connector" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
41. ^ Bizarre USB flash drives from the Far East Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Auto (German language), t3n (2012-03-07). Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
42. ^ Should I defragment my USB Flash drive?. Ask-leo.com (2008-02-xix). Retrieved on 2011-05-18.
43. ^ "Flash Memory Fragmentation – Myths and Facts". Wizcode.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-14. Retrieved 2017-06-06 .
44. ^ "TN-29-42: Wear-Leveling Techniques in NAND Flash Devices" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
45. ^ "Kingston HyperX 3K (240GB) SSD Review". Anandtec.com. 2012-04-ten. Retrieved 2012-x-05 .
46. ^ "Kingston's Flash Memory Guide - Kingston Technology".
47. ^ "How Long Does a USB Flash Drive Last? (Function II)". Promotional USB Flash Drives and Accessories.
48. ^ Blanchard, Richard (March 8th, 2007) "What is the Life Cycle of a USB Wink Bulldoze?", GetUSB.info, retrieved June xiv, 2010
49. ^ "H2testw USB flash drive test tool", www.heise.de, retrieved November 16, 2010
50. ^ "Определение модели контроллера и памяти флешки" [Detecting controller model and memory type of flash drive] (in Russian). usbdev.ru. twenty Feb 2013. Retrieved 2018-01-06 .
51. ^ "About VID PID Repairing Counterfeit Flash Drives – Steps To Succeed", fixfakeflash.wordpress.com, retrieved Nov 16, 2010
52. ^ Tom's Hardware: Nine USB 3.0 Flash Drives For Road Warriors, 26 April 2011
53. ^ "An update is available that enables the back up of Enhanced Storage devices in Windows Vista and in Windows Server 2008". Microsoft Back up. November 23, 2010.
54. ^ Romano, Benjamin J. (2008-04-29). "Microsoft device helps police pluck testify from cyberscene of crime". The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2008-04-29 .
55. ^ "ASUS EZ Flash 2 utility". northernmicro.com. 2013-12-21. Archived from the original on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2014-01-16 .
56. ^ "How to Use USB BIOS Flashback". ASUS. 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-16 .
57. ^ "HP USB Floppy Drive Key Support - HP Support Middle". Archived from the original on 14 January 2014.
58. ^ "HP USB Floppy Bulldoze Cardinal". SlashGear. 24 October 2008. Retrieved 2017-06-06 .
59. ^ Kick Windows from a certified USB flash drive. Retrieved on fourteen May 2014
60. ^ Jane McEntegart (2013-01-08). "Hands-on with Kingston's 1TB USB Stick". Tomshardware.com. Retrieved 2014-03-08 .
61. ^ Brinkmann, Martin (2008-11-01). "Windows 7 to Extend Readyboost". Windows 7 News. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2009-05-12 .
62. ^ "Yes, Apple Killed The CD Today". TechCrunch.com. Oct 20, 2010.
63. ^ From the manual for a typical digital vocalism recorder: "Autonomously from using this unit equally a recorder, you can use it equally an external memory for your computer, as an external storage device."
64. ^ Patalong, Frank (2004-10-06). "Vorbespielter USB-Stick: Musik zum Löschen". Spiegel Online (in German). Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2014-06-26 .
65. ^ X (USB): Kylie Minogue: Amazon.co.great britain: Music. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-05-18.
66. ^ "Albums go far on USB format". Music Week. 23 April 2007. ISSN 0265-1548. OCLC 60620772. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
67. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2016-02-09 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
68. ^ USB flash drive auto run setup, commodity from Flashbay.com
69. ^ ^{a b} Baker, Jeff (July 20, 2009) "Kingston unveils 256GB pollex" Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Car, MobileWhack.com
70. ^ testing removable media on YouTube on the Gadget Prove.
71. ^ "MobileLite 9-in-i Reader". Kingston Technology. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-04-08 .
72. ^ "MobileMate Memory Stick Plus 4-in-1 Reader". Sandisk Corporation. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-08 .
73. ^ Arlen Walker. "Technical Specifications - PKZIP Server - PKWARE - server - pkzip - software". pkware.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015.
74. ^ "WinRAR archiver, a powerful tool to process RAR and Zero files". rarlab.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015.
75. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2016-02-09 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit championship (link)
76. ^ "heise online - It-News, Nachrichten und Hintergründe". heise online.
77. ^ How Long Does a Flash Drive Last? – Josh's Blog Archived 2010-02-13 at the Wayback Auto. 2008-05-23, Bress.net. Retrieved on 2011-05-18.
78. ^ "What is flash drive wearable leveling" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2009.
79. ^ Mass Storage Devices. Linux-usb.sourceforge.net. Retrieved on 2011-05-eighteen.
80. ^ Notenboom, Leo A. (2008-05-06). "How do I fix bad sectors on a wink drive?". Ask-leo.com . Retrieved 2017-06-06 .
81. ^ Wikipedia entry "Soldering Defects in Electronics
82. ^ Wikipedia entry "Processes – Electronic Components (PCBs)"
83. ^ Constantin, Lucian (Mar 13, 2015). "USB Killer is a flash drive designed to fry your laptop". PC World . Retrieved May two, 2018.
84. ^ Taggart, Emma (22 August 2018). "You Can Donate One-time USB Drives to These Activists to Assistance Gratuitous North Koreans of Propaganda". My Modern Met . Retrieved 10 January 2019.
85. ^ Desreumaux, Geoff (23 August 2018). "Flash Drives For Freedom: Your Old USB Drives Can Aid Overthrow Dictatorships". WeRSM - Nosotros are Social Media . Retrieved 10 January 2019.
86. ^ Hands, Jack (March 22, 2016). "Flashdrives for freedom? 20,000 USBs to be smuggled into Northward Korea". The Guardian . Retrieved March 18, 2017.
87. ^ Bragg, Austin; Bragg, Meredith; Detrick, Paul (March 15, 2017). "#SXSW: How Activists Are Using Technology to Fight Dictators". Reason Foundation . Retrieved March 18, 2017.
88. ^ Administrator. "Pretec - Small size, Big bear on". Retrieved 1 June 2016.
89. ^ "SanDisk Ultra Two SD Plus Cards". SanDisk. Retrieved 2008-03-02 .

What Is A Flash Drive Used For,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive

Posted by: germanhaing1965.blogspot.com

Share this post